The Definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendship, between His Britannic Majesty, the Most Christian King, and the King of Spain that was concluded at Paris, also known as the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763. This ended the Seven Years' War, which is commonly known as the French and Indian War in the North America.
Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, with allies
France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies
The Treaty was made possible by the British victory over France and Spain, and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe. The final treaty terms, by which France relinquished her North American claims and Spain ceded Florida, gave England undisputed possession of the territory of the present United States from the Mississippi to the Atlantic. In the treaty, England received Canada from France, and Florida from Spain, which established English hegemony east of the Mississippi. The signatories were Great Britain, France and Spain. The treaty did not involve either Prussia or Austria who signed a separate Treaty of Hubertusburg five days later.
Continental Congress of the United States Presidents
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
202-239-1774 | Office
202-239-0037 | FAX
Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals
Full Text
The Definitive
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between his Britannick Majesty, the Most
Christian King, and the King of Spain. Concluded at Paris the 10th day of
February, 1763. To which the King of Portugal acceded on the same day.
In the Name of the
Most Holy and Undivided Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. So be it.
Be it known to all
those whom it shall, or may, in any manner, belong,
It has pleased the
Most High to diffuse the spirit of union and concord among the Princes, whose
divisions had spread troubles in the four parts of the world, and to inspire
them with the inclination to cause the comforts of peace to succeed to the
misfortunes of a long and bloody war, which having arisen between England and
France during the reign of the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, George the
Second, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, of glorious memory,
continued under the reign of the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, George the
Third, his successor, and, in its progress, communicated itself to Spain and
Portugal: Consequently, the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, George the
Third, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Duke of
Brunswick and Lunenbourg, Arch Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire;
the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, Lewis the Fifteenth, by the grace of
God, Most Christian King; and the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, Charles
the Third, by the grace of God, King of Spain and of the Indies, after having
laid the foundations of peace in the preliminaries signed at Fontainebleau the
third of November last; and the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, Don Joseph
the First, by the grace of God, King of Portugal and of the Algarves, after
having acceded thereto, determined to compleat, without delay, this great and
important work. For this purpose, the high contracting parties have named and
appointed their respective Ambassadors Extraordinary and Ministers
Plenipotentiary, viz. his Sacred Majesty the King of Great Britain, the Most
Illustrious and Most Excellent Lord, John Duke and Earl of Bedford, Marquis of
Tavistock, c. his Minister of State, Lieutenant General of his Armies, Keeper
of his Privy Seal, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and his
Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to his Most Christian
Majesty; his Sacred Majesty the Most Christian King, the Most Illustrious and
Most Excellent Lord, Csar Gabriel de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin, Peer of France,
Knight of his Orders, Lieutenant General of his Armies and of the province of
Britanny, Counsellor of all his Counsils, and Minister and Secretary of State,
and of his Commands and Finances: his Sacred Majesty the Catholick King, the
Most Illustrious
and Most Excellent Lord, Don Jerome Grimaldi, Marquis de Grimaldi, Knight of
the Most Christian King's Orders, Gentleman of his Catholick Majesty's
Bedchamber in Employment, and his Ambassador Extraordinary to his Most
Christian Majesty; his Sacred Majesty the Most Faithful King, the Most Illustrious
and Most Excellent Lord, Martin de Mello and Castro, Knight professed of the
Order of Christ, of his Most Faithful Majesty's Council, and his Ambassador and
Minister Plenipotentiary to his Most Christian Majesty.
Who, after having
duly communicated to each other their full powers, in good form, copies whereof
are transcribed at the end of the present treaty of peace, have agreed upon the
articles, the tenor of which is as follows:
Article I. There
shall be a Christian, universal, and perpetual peace, as well by sea as by
land, and a sincere and constant friendship shall be re established between
their Britannick, Most Christian, Catholick, and Most Faithful Majesties, and
between their heirs and successors, kingdoms, dominions, provinces, countries,
subjects, and vassals, of what quality or condition soever they be, without
exception of places or of persons: So that the high contracting parties shall
give the greatest attention to maintain between themselves and their said
dominions and subjects this reciprocal friendship and correspondence, without
permitting, on either side, any kind of hostilities, by sea or by land, to be
committed from henceforth, for any cause, or under any pretence whatsoever, and
every thing shall be carefully avoided which might hereafter prejudice the
union happily reÂestablished, applying themselves, on the contrary, on every
occasion, to procure for each other whatever may contribute to their mutual
glory, interests, and advantages, without giving any assistance or protection,
directly or indirectly, to those who would cause any prejudice to either of the
high contracting parties: there shall be a general oblivion of every thing that
may have been done or committed before or since the commencement of the war
which is just ended.
II. The treaties of
Westphalia of 1648; those of Madrid between the Crowns of Great Britain and
Spain of 1661, and 1670; the treaties of peace of Nimeguen of 1678, and 1679;
of Ryswick of 1697; those of peace and of commerce of Utrecht of 1713; that of Baden
of 1714; the treaty of the triple alliance of the Hague of 1717; that of the
quadruple alliance of London of 1118; the treaty of peace of Vienna of 1738;
the definitive treaty of Aix la Chapelle of 1748; and that of Madrid, between
the Crowns of Great Britain and Spain of 1750: as well as the treaties between
the Crowns of Spain and Portugal of the 13th of February, 1668; of the 6th of
February, 1715; and of the 12th of February, 1761; and that of the 11th of
April, 1713, between France and Portugal with the guaranties of Great Britain,
serve as a basis and foundation to the peace, and to the present treaty: and
for this purpose they are all renewed and confirmed in the best form, as well
as all the general, which subsisted between the high contracting parties before
the war, as if they were inserted here word for word, so that they are to be
exactly observed, for the future, in their whole tenor, and religiously
executed on all sides, in all their points, which shall not be derogated from
by the present treaty, notwithstanding all that may have been stipulated to the
contrary by any of the high contracting parties: and all the said parties
declare, that they will not suffer any privilege, favour, or indulgence to
subsist, contrary to the treaties above confirmed, except what shall have been
agreed and stipulated by the present treaty.
III. All the
prisoners made, on all sides, as well by land as by sea, and the hostages
carried away or given during the war, and to this day, shall be restored,
without ransom, six weeks, at least, to be computed from the day of the
exchange of the ratification of the present treaty, each crown respectively
paying the advances which shall have been made for the subsistance and
maintenance of their prisoners by the Sovereign of the country where they shall
have been detained, according to the attested receipts and estimates and other
authentic vouchers which shall be furnished on one side and the other. And
securities shall be reciprocally given for the payment of the debts which the
prisoners shall have contracted in the countries where they have been detained
until their entire liberty. And all the ships of war and merchant vessels Which
shall have been taken since the expiration of the terms agreed upon for the
cessation of hostilities by sea shall likewise be restored, bon fide, with all
their crews and cargoes: and the execution of this article shall be proceeded
upon immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty.
IV. His Most
Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or
might have formed to Nova Scotia or Acadia in all its parts, and guaranties the
whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain:
Moreover, his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said
Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well
as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph
and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said
countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property,
possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most
Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said
countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants, so that the
Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King, and to the
Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without
restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and
guaranty under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions
above mentioned. His Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the
liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in
consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new
Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to
the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His
Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who
had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all
safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their
estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty, and bring
away their effects as well as their persons, without being restrained in their
emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal
prosecutions: The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space
of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the
ratification of the present treaty.
V. The subjects of
France shall have the liberty of fishing and drying on a part of the coasts of
the island of Newfoundland, such as it is specified in the XIIIth article of
the treaty of Utrecht; which article is renewed and confirmed by the present
treaty, (except what relates to the island of Cape Breton, as well as to the
other islands and coasts in the mouth and in the gulph of St. Lawrence:) And
his Britannick Majesty consents to leave to the subjects of the Most Christian
King the liberty of fishing in the gulph of St. Lawrence, on condition that the
subjects of France do not exercise the said fishery but at the distance of
three leagues from all the coasts belonging to Great Britain, as well those of
the continent as those of the islands situated in the said gulph of St.
Lawrence. And as to what relates to the fishery on the coasts of the island of
Cape Breton, out of the said gulph, the subjects of the Most Christian King
shall not be permitted to exercise the said fishery but at the distance of
fifteen leagues from the coasts of the island of Cape Breton; and the fishery
on the coasts of Nova Scotia or Acadia, and every where else out of the said gulph,
shall remain on the foot of former treaties.
VI. The King of
Great Britain cedes the islands of St. Pierre and Macquelon, in full right, to
his Most Christian Majesty, to serve as a shelter to the French fishermen; and
his said Most Christian Majesty engages not to fortify the said islands; to
erect no buildings upon them but merely for the conveniency of the fishery; and
to keep upon them a guard of fifty men only for the police.
VII. In order to
reÂestablish peace on solid and durable foundations, and to remove for ever
all subject of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French
territories on the continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future,
the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his
Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably
by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to
the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this
river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea; and for this
purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his
Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile, and every thing which he
possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi,
except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which
shall remain to France, provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi
shall be equally free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of
France, in its whole breadth and length, from its source to the sea, and
expressly that part which is between the said island of New Orleans and the
right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth:
It is farther stipulated, that the vessels belonging to the subjects of either
nation shall not be stopped, visited, or subjected to the payment of any duty
whatsoever. The stipulations inserted in the IVth article, in favour of the
inhabitants of Canada shall also take place with regard to the inhabitants of
the countries ceded by this article.
VIII. The King of
Great Britain shall restore to France the islands of Guadeloupe, of
Mariegalante, of Desirade, of Martinico, and of Belleisle; and the fortresses
of these islands shall be restored in the same condition they were in when they
were conquered by the British arms, provided that his Britannick Majesty's
subjects, who shall have settled in the said islands, or those who shall have
any commercial affairs to settle there or in other places restored to France by
the present treaty, shall have liberty to sell their lands and their estates,
to settle their affairs, to recover their debts, and to bring away their effects
as well as their persons, on board vessels, which they shall be permitted to
send to the said islands and other places restored as above, and which shall
serve for this use only, without being restrained on account of their religion,
or under any other pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal
prosecutions: and for this purpose, the term of eighteen months is allowed to
his Britannick Majesty's subjects, to be computed from the day of the exchange
of the ratifications of the present treaty; but, as the liberty granted to his
Britannick Majesty's subjects, to bring away their persons and their effects,
in vessels of their nation, may be liable to abuses if precautions were not
taken to prevent them; it has been expressly agreed between his Britannick
Majesty and his Most Christian Majesty, that the number of English vessels
which have leave to go to the said islands and places restored to France, shall
be limited, as well as the number of tons of each one; that they shall go in
ballast; shall set sail at a fixed time; and shall make one voyage only; all
the effects belonging to the English being to be embarked at the same time. It
has been farther agreed, that his Most Christian Majesty shall cause the
necessary passports to be given to the said vessels; that, for the greater
security, it shall be allowed to place two French clerks or guards in each of
the said vessels, which shall be visited in the landing places and ports of the
said islands and places restored to France, and that the merchandize which
shall be found t herein shall be confiscated.
IX. The Most
Christian King cedes and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty, in full right,
the islands of Grenada, and the Grenadines, with the same stipulations in
favour of the inhabitants of this colony, inserted in the IVth article for
those of Canada: And the partition of the islands called neutral, is agreed and
fixed, so that those of St. Vincent, Dominico, and Tobago, shall remain in full
right to Great Britain, and that of St. Lucia shall be delivered to France, to
enjoy the same likewise in full right, and the high contracting parties
guaranty the partition so stipulated.
X. His Britannick
Majesty shall restore to France the island of Goree in the condition it was in
when conquered: and his Most Christian Majesty cedes, in full right, and g
uaranties to the
King of Great Britain the river Senegal, with the forts and factories of St.
Lewis, Podor, and Galam, and with all the rights and dependencies of the said
river Senegal.
XI. In the East
Indies Great Britain shall restore to France, in the condition they are now in,
the different factories which that Crown possessed, as well as on the coast of
Coromandel and Orixa as on that of Malabar, as also in Bengal, at the beginning
of the year 1749. And his Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretension to
the acquisitions which he has made on the coast of Coromandel and Orixa since
the said beginning of the year 1749. His Most Christian Majesty shall restore,
on his side, all that he may have conquered from Great Britain in the East
Indies during the present war; and will expressly cause Nattal and Tapanoully,
in the island of Sumatra, to be restored; he engages farther, not to erect
fortifications, or to keep troops in any part of the dominions of the Subah of
Bengal. And in order to preserve future peace on the coast of Coromandel and
Orixa, the English and French shall acknowledge Mahomet Ally Khan for lawful
Nabob of the Carnatick, and Salabat Jing for lawful Subah of the Decan; and
both parties shall renounce all demands and pretensions of satisfaction with
which they might charge each other, or their Indian allies, for the
depredations or pillage committed on the one side or on the other during the
war.
XII. The island of
Minorca shall be restored to his Britannick Majesty, as well as Fort St.
Philip, in the same condition they were in when conquered by the arms of the
Most Christian King; and with the artillery which was there when the said
island and the said fort were taken.
XIII. The town and
port of Dunkirk shall be put into the state fixed by the last treaty of Aix la
Chapelle, and by former treaties. The Cunette shall be destroyed immediately
after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, as well as the
forts and batteries which defend the entrance on the side of the sea; and
provision shall be made at the same time for the wholesomeness of the air, and
for the health of the inhabitants, by some other means, to the satisfaction of
the King of Great Britain.
XIV. France shall
restore all the countries belonging to the Electorate of Hanover, to the
Landgrave of Hesse, to the Duke of Brunswick, and to the Count of La Lippe
Buckebourg, which are or shall be occupied by his Most Christian Majesty's
arms: the fortresses of these different countries shall be restored in the same
condition they were in when conquered by the French arms; and the pieces of
artillery, which shall have been carried elsewhere, shall be replaced by the
same number, of the same bore, weight and metal.
XV. In case the
stipulations contained in the XIIIth article of the preliminaries should not be
compleated at the time of the signature of the present treaty, as well with
regard to the evacuations to be made by the armies of France of the fortresses
of Cleves, Wezel, Guelders, and of all the countries belonging to the King of
Prussia, as with regard to the evacuations to be made by the British and French
armies of the countries which they occupy in Westphalia, Lower Saxony, on the
Lower Rhine, the Upper Rhine, and in all the empire; and to the retreat of the
troops into the dominions of their respective Sovereigns: their Britannick and
Most Christian Majesties promise to proceed, bon fide, with all the dispatch
the case will permit of to the said evacuations, the entire completion whereof
they stipulate before the 15th of March next, or sooner if it can be done; and
their Britannick and Most Christian Majesties farther engage and promise to
each other, not to furnish any succours of any kind to their respective allies
who shall continue engaged in the war in Germany.
XVI. The decision
of the prizes made in time of peace by the subjects of Great Britain, on the
Spaniards, shall be referred to the Courts of Justice of the Admiralty of Great
Britain, conformably to the rules established among all nations, so that the
validity of the said prizes, between the British and Spanish nations, shall be
decided and judged, according to the law of nations, and according to treaties,
in the Courts of Justice of the nation who shall have made the capture.
XVII. His
Britannick Majesty shall cause to be demolished all the fortifications which
his subjects shall have erected in the bay of Honduras, and other places of the
territory of Spain in that part of the world, four months after the
ratification of the present treaty; and his Catholick Majesty shall not permit
his Britannick Majesty's subjects, or their workmen, to be disturbed or
molested under any pretence whatsoever in the said places, in their occupation
of cutting, loading, and carrying away logÂwood; and for this purpose, they
may build, without hindrance, and occupy, without interruption, the houses and
magazines necessary for them, for their families, and for their effects; and
his Catholick Majesty assures to them, by this article, the full enjoyment of
those advantages and powers on the Spanish coasts and territories, as above
stipulated, immediately after the ratification of the present treaty.
XVIII. His
Catholick Majesty desists, as well for himself as for his successors, from all
pretension which he may have formed in favour of the Guipuscoans, and other his
subjects, to the right of fishing in the neighbourhood of the island of
Newfoundland.
XIX. The King of
Great Britain shall restore to Spain all the territory which he has conquered
in the island of Cuba, with the fortress of the Havannah; and this fortress, as
well as all the other fortresses of the said island, shall be restored in the
same condition they were in when conquered by his Britannick Majesty's arms,
provided that his Britannick Majesty's subjects who shall have settled in the
said island, restored to Spain by the present treaty, or those who shall have
any commercial affairs to settle there, shall have liberty to sell their lands
and their estates, to settle their affairs, recover their debts, and to bring
away their effects, as well as their persons, on board vessels which they shall
be permitted to send to the said island restored as above, and which shall
serve for that use only, without being restrained on account of their religion,
or under any other pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal
prosecutions: And for this purpose, the term of eighteen months is allowed to
his Britannick Majesty's subjects, to be computed from the day of the exchange
of the ratifications of the present treaty: but as the liberty granted to his
Britannick Majesty's subjects, to bring away their persons and their effects,
in vessels of their nation, may be liable to abuses if precautions were not taken
to prevent them; it has been expressly agreed between his Britannick Majesty
and his Catholick Majesty, that the number of English vessels which shall have
leave to go to the said island restored to Spain shall be limited, as well as
the number of tons of each one; that they shall go in ballast; shall set sail
at a fixed time; and shall make one voyage only; all the effects belonging to
the English being to be embarked at the same time: it has been farther agreed,
that his Catholick Majesty shall cause the necessary passports to be given to
the said vessels; that for the greater security, it shall be allowed to place
two Spanish clerks or guards in each of the said vessels, which shall be
visited in the landing places and ports of the said island restored to Spain,
and that the merchandize which shall be found therein shall be confiscated.
XX. In consequence
of the restitution stipulated in the preceding article, his Catholick Majesty
cedes and guaranties, in full right, to his Britannick Majesty, Florida, with
Fort St. Augustin, and the Bay of Pensacola, as well as all that Spain possesses
on the continent of North America, to the East or to the South East of the
river Mississippi. And, in general, every thing that depends on the said
countries and lands, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all
rights, acquired by treaties or otherwise, which the Catholick King and the
Crown of Spain have had till now over the said countries, lands, places, and
their inhabitants; so that the Catholick King cedes and makes over the whole to
the said King and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample
manner and form. His Britannick Majesty agrees, on his side, to grant to the
inhabitants of the countries above ceded, the liberty of the Catholick
religion; he will, consequently, give the most express and the most effectual
orders that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their
religion according to the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of
Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the Spanish
inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Catholick King in the said
countries, may retire, with all safety and freedom, wherever they think proper;
and may sell their estates, provided it be to his Britannick Majesty's
subjects, and bring away their effects, as well as their persons without being
restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of
debts, or of criminal prosecutions: the term limited for this emigration being
fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the
exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty. It is moreover stipulated,
that his Catholick Majesty shall have power to cause all the effects that may
belong to him, to be brought away, whether it be artillery or other things.
XXI. The French and
Spanish troops shall evacuate all the territories, lands, towns, places, and
castles, of his Most faithful Majesty in Europe, without any reserve, which
shall have been conquered by the armies of France and Spain, and shall restore
them in the same condition they were in when conquered, with the same artillery
and ammunition, which were found there: And with regard to the Portuguese
Colonies in America, Africa, or in the East Indies, if any change shall have
happened there, all things shall be restored on the same footing they were in,
and conformably to the preceding treaties which subsisted between the Courts of
France, Spain, and Portugal, before the present war.
XXII. All the
papers, letters, documents, and archives, which were found in the countries,
territories, towns and places that are restored, and those belonging to the
countries ceded, shall be, respectively and bon fide, delivered, or furnished
at the same time, if possible, that possession is taken, or, at latest, four
months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, in
whatever places the said papers or documents may be found.
XXIII. All the
countries and territories, which may have been conquered, in whatsoever part of
the world, by the arms of their Britannick and Most Faithful Majesties, as well
as by those of their Most Christian and Catholick Majesties, which are not
included in the present treaty, either under the title of cessions, or under
the title of restitutions, shall be restored without difficulty, and without
requiring any compensations.
XXIV. As it is
necessary to assign a fixed epoch for the restitutions and the evacuations, to
be made by each of the high contracting parties, it is agreed, that the British
and French troops shall compleat, before the 15th of March next, all that shall
remain to be executed of the XIIth and XIIIth articles of the preliminaries,
signed the 3d day of November last, with regard to the evacuation to be made in
the Empire, or elsewhere. The island of Belleisle shall be evacuated six weeks
after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, or sooner if it
can be done. Guadeloupe, Desirade, Mariegalante Martinico, and St. Lucia, three
months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, or sooner
if it can be done. Great Britain shall likewise, at the end of three months
after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, or sooner if it
can be done, enter into possession of the river and port of the Mobile, and of
all that is to form the limits of the territory of Great Britain, on the side
of the river Mississippi, as they are specified in the VIIth article. The
island of Goree shall be evacuated by Great Britain, three months after the
exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty; and the island of Minorca
by France, at the same epoch, or sooner if it can be done: And according to the
conditions of the VIth article, France shall likewise enter into possession of
the islands of St Peter, and of Miquelon, at the end of three months after the
exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty. The Factories in the East
Indies shall be restored six months after the exchange of the ratifications of
the present treaty, or sooner if it can be done. The fortress of the Havannah,
with all that has been conquered in the island of Cuba, shall be restored three
months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, or sooner
if it can be done: And, at the same time, Great Britain shall enter into
possession of the country ceded by Spain according to the XXth article. All the
places and countries of his most Faithful Majesty, in Europe, shall be restored
immediately after the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty: And
the Portuguese colonies, which may have been conquered, shall be restored in
the space of three months in the West Indies, and of six months in the East
Indies, after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, or
sooner if it can be done. All the fortresses, the restitution whereof is
stipulated above, shall be restored with the artillery and ammunition, which
were found there at the time of the conquest. In consequence whereof, the
necessary orders shall be sent by each of the high contracting parties, with
reciprocal passports for the ships that shall carry them, immediately after the
exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.
XXV. His Britannick
Majesty, as Elector of Brunswick Lunenbourg, as well for himself as for his
heirs and successors, and all the dominions and possessions of his said Majesty
in Germany, are included and guarantied by the present treaty of peace.
XXVI. Their sacred
Britannick, Most Christian, Catholick, and Most Faithful Majesties, promise to
observe sincerely and bon fide, all the articles contained and settled in the
present treaty; and they will not suffer the same to be infringed, directly or
indirectly, by their respective subjects; and the said high contracting
parties, generally and reciprocally, guaranty to each other all the
stipulations of the present treaty.
XXVII. The solemn
ratifications of the present treaty, expedited in good and due form, shall be
exchanged in this city of Paris, between the high contracting parties, in the
space of a month, or sooner if possible, to be computed from the day of the
signature of the present treaty.
In witness whereof,
we the underwritten their Ambassadors Extraordinary, and Ministers
Plenipotentiary, have signed with our hand, in their name, and in virtue of our
full powers, have signed the present definitive treaty, and have caused the
seal of our arms to be put thereto. Done at Paris the tenth day of February,
1763.
Bedford, C.P.S.
Choiseul, Duc de Praslin. El Marq. de Grimaldi.
(L.S.) (L.S.) (LS )
SEPARATE ARTICLES
I. Some of the
titles made use of by the contracting powers, either in the full powers, and
other acts, during the course of the negociation, or in the preamble of the
present treaty, not being generally acknowledged; it has been agreed, that no
prejudice shall ever result therefrom to any of the said contracting parties,
and that the titles, taken or omitted on either side, on occasion of the said
negociation, and of the present treaty, shall not be cited or quoted as a
precedent.
II. It has been
agreed and determined, that the French language made use of in all the copies
of the present treaty, shall not become an example which may be alledged, or
made a precedent of, or prejudice, in any manner, any of the contracting
powers; and that they shall conform themselves, for the future, to what has
been observed, and ought to be observed, with regard to, and on the part of
powers, who are used, and have a right, to give and to receive copies of like
treaties in another language than French; the present treaty having still the
same force and effect, as if the aforesaid custom had been therein observed.
III. Though the
King of Portugal has not signed the present definitive treaty, their
Britannick, Most Christian, and Catholick Majesties, acknowledge, nevertheless,
that his Most Faithful Majesty is formally included therein as a contracting
party, and as if he had expressly signed the said treaty: Consequently, their
Britannick, Most Christian, and Catholick Majesties, respectively and
conjointly, promise to his Most Faithful Majesty, in the most express and most
binding manner, the execution of all and every the clauses, contained in the
said treaty, on his act of accession.
The present
Separate Articles shall have the same force as if they were inserted in the
treaty.
In witness whereof,
We the underÂwritten Ambassadors Extraordinary, and Ministers Plenipotentiary
of their Britannick, Most Christian and Catholick Majesties, have signed the
present separate Articles, and have caused the seal of our arms to be put thereto.
Done at Paris, the
10th of February, 1763.
Bedford, C.P.S.
Choiseul, Duc El Marq. de
(L.S.) de Praslin.
Grimaldi.
(L.S.) (L.S.)
His Britannick
Majesty's full Power.
GEORGE R.
GEORGE the Third,
by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the
Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenbourg, ArchÂTreasurer, and Prince Elector of
the Holy Roman Empire, c. To all and singular to whom these presents shall
come, greeting. Whereas, in order to perfect the peace between Us and our good
Brother the Most Faithful King, on the one part, and our good Brothers the Most
Christian and Catholick Kings, on the other, which has been happily begun by
the Preliminary Articles already signed at Fontainebleau the third of this
month; and to bring the same to the desired end, We have thought proper to
invest some fit person with full authority, on our part; Know ye, that We,
having most entire confidence in the fidelity, judgment, skill, and ability in
managing affairs of the greatest consequence, of our right trusty, and right
entirely beloved Cousin and Counsellor, John Duke and Earl of Bedford, Marquis
of Tavistock, Baron Russel of Cheneys, Baron Russel of Thornhaugh, and Baron
Howland of Streatham, LieutenantÂgeneral of our forces, Keeper of our Privy
Seal, Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the counties of Bedford and Devon,
Knight of our most noble order of the Garter, and our Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary to our good Brother the Most Christian King, have
nominated, made, constituted and appointed, as by these presents, we do
nominate, make, constitute, and appoint him, our true, certain, and undoubted
Minister, Commissary, Deputy, Procurator and Plenipotentiary, giving to him all
and all manner of power, faculty and authority, as well as our general and
special command (yet so as that the general do not derogate from the special,
or on the contrary) for Us and in our name, to meet and confer, as well singly
and separately, as jointly, and in a body, with the Ambassadors, Commissaries,
Deputies, and Plenipotentiaries of the Princes, whom it may concern, vested
with sufficient power and authority for that purpose, and with them to agree
upon, treat, consult and conclude, concerning the reÂestablishing, as soon as
may be, a firm and lasting peace, and sincere friendship and concord; and
whatever shall be so agreed and concluded, for Us and in our name, to sign, and
to make a treaty or treaties, on what shall have been so agreed and concluded,
and to transact every thing else that may belong to the happy completion of the
aforesaid work, in as ample a manner and form, and with the same force and
effect, as We ourselves, if we were present, could do and perform; engaging and
promising, on our royal word, that We will approve, ratify and accept, in the
best manner, whatever shall happen to be transacted and concluded by our said
Plenipotentiary, and that We will never suffer any person to infringe or act
contrary to the same, either in the whole or in part. In witness and
confirmation whereof We have caused our great Seal of Great Britain to be
affixed to these presents, signed with our royal hand. Given at our Palace at
St. James's, the 12th day of November, 1762, in the third year of our reign.
His Most Christian
Majesty's Full Power.
LEWIS, by the grace
of God, King of France and Navarre, To all who shall see these presents,
Greeting. Whereas the Preliminaries, signed at Fontainebleau the third of
November of the last year, laid the foundation of the peace reÂestablished
between us and our most dear and most beloved good Brother and Cousin the King
of Spain, on the one part, and our most dear and most beloved good Brother the
King of Great Britain, and our most dear and most beloved good Brother and
Cousin the King of Portugal on the other, We have had nothing more at heart
since that happy epoch, than to consolidate and strengthen in the most lasting
manner, so salutary and so important a work, by a solemn and definitive treaty
between Us and the said powers. For these causes, and other good
considerations, Us thereunto moving, We, trusting entirely in the capacity and
experience, zeal and fidelity for our service, of our most dear and
wellÂbeloved Cousin, Csar Gabriel de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin, Peer of
France, Knight of our Orders, Lieutenant General of our Forces and of the
province of Britany, Counsellor in all our Councils, Minister and Secretary of
State, and of our Commands and Finances, We have named, appointed, and deputed
him, and by these presents, signed with our hand, do name, appoint, and depute
him our Minister Plenipotentiary, giving him full and absolute power to act in
that quality, and to confer, negociate, treat and agree jointly with the
Minister Plenipotentiary of our most dear and most beloved good Brother the King
of Great Britain, the Minister Plenipotentiary of our most dear and most
beloved good Brother and Cousin the King of Spain and the Minister
Plenipotentiary of our most dear and most beloved good Brother and Cousin the
King of Portugal, vested with full powers, in good form, to agree, conclude and
sign such articles, conditions, conventions, declarations, definitive treaty,
accessions, and other acts whatsoever, that he shall judge proper for securing
and strengthening the great work of peace, the whole with the same latitude and
authority that We ourselves might do, if We were there in person, even though
there should be something which might require a more special order than what is
contained in these presents, promising on the faith and word of a King, to
approve, keep firm and stable for ever, to fulfil and execute punctually, all
that our said Cousin, the Duke of Praslin, shall have stipulated, promised and
signed, in virtue of the present full power, without ever acting contrary
thereto, or permitting any thing contrary thereto, for any cause, or under any
pretence whatsoever, as also to cause our letters of ratification to be
expedited in good form, and to cause them to be delivered, in order to be
exchanged within the time that shall be agreed upon. For such is our pleasure.
In witness whereof, we have caused our Seal to be put to these presents. Given
at Versailles the 7th day of the month of February, in the year of Grace 1763,
and of our reign the fortyÂeighth. Signed Lewis, and on the fold, by the King,
the Duke of Choiseul. Sealed with the great Seal of yellow Wax.
His Catholick
Majesty's full Power.
DON CARLOS, by the
grace of God, King of Castille, of Leon, of Arragon, of the two Sicilies, of
Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of
Majorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Cordova, of Corsica, of Murcia, of Jaen,
of the Algarves. of Algecira. of Gibraltar. of the Canary Islands, of the East
and West Indies, Islands and Continent, of the Ocean, Arch Duke of Austria,
Duke of Burgundy, of Brabant and Milan, Count of Hapsburg, of Flanders, of
Tirol and Barcelona, Lord of Biscay and of Molino, c. Whereas preliminaries of
a solid and lasting peace between this Crown, and that of France on the one
part, and that of England and Portugal on the other, were concluded and signed
in the Royal Residence of Fontainbleau, the 3rd of November of the present
year, and the respective ratifications thereof exchanged on the 22d of the same
month, by Ministers authorised for that purpose, wherein it is promised, that a
definitive treaty should be forthwith entered upon, having established and
regulated the chief points upon which it is to turn: and whereas in the same
manner as I granted to you, Don Jerome Grimaldi, Marquis de Grimaldi, Knight of
the Order of the Holy Ghost, Gentleman of my BedÂchamber with employment, and
my Ambassador Extraordinary to the Most Christian King, my full power to treat,
adjust, and sign the beforeÂmentioned preliminaries, it is necessary to grant
the same to you, or to some other, to treat, adjust, and sign the promised
definitive treaty of peace as aforesaid: therefore, as you the said Don Jerome
Grimaldi, Marquis de Grimaldi, are at the convenient place, and as I have every
day fresh motives, from your approved fidelity and zeal, capacity and prudence,
to entrust to you this, and otherÂlike concerns of my Crown, I have appointed
you my Minister Plenipotentiary, and granted to you my full power, to the end,
that, in my name, and representing my person, you may treat, regulate, settle,
and sign the said definitive treaty of peace between my Crown and that of
France on the one part, that of England and that of Portugal on the other, with
the Ministers who shall be equally and specially authorised by their respective
Sovereigns for the same purpose; acknowledging, as I do from this time
acknowledge, as accepted and ratified, whatever you shall so treat, conclude,
and sign; promising, on my Royal Word, that I will observe and fulfil the same,
will cause it to be observed and fulfilled, as if it had been treated,
concluded, and signed by myself. In witness whereof, I have caused these
presents to be dispatched, signed by my hand, sealed with my privy seal, and
countersigned by my underÂwritten Counsellor of State, and first Secretary for
the department of State and of War. Buen Retiro, the 10th day of December,
1762.
(Signed) I THE
KING.
(And lower) Richard
Wall
The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776
September 5, 1774
|
October 22, 1774
| |
October 22, 1774
|
October 26, 1774
| |
May 20, 1775
|
May 24, 1775
| |
May 25, 1775
|
July 1, 1776
|
Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America
George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23, 1783
Continental Congress of the United States Presidents
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
July 2, 1776
|
October 29, 1777
| |
November 1, 1777
|
December 9, 1778
| |
December 10, 1778
|
September 28, 1779
| |
September 29, 1779
|
February 28, 1781
|
Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781
|
July 6, 1781
| |
July 10, 1781
|
Declined Office
| |
July 10, 1781
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November 4, 1781
| |
November 5, 1781
|
November 3, 1782
| |
November 4, 1782
|
November 2, 1783
| |
November 3, 1783
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June 3, 1784
| |
November 30, 1784
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November 22, 1785
| |
November 23, 1785
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June 5, 1786
| |
June 6, 1786
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February 1, 1787
| |
February 2, 1787
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January 21, 1788
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January 22, 1788
|
January 21, 1789
|
Presidents of the United States of America
D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party, R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party
(1789-1797)
|
(1933-1945)
| |
(1865-1869)
| ||
(1797-1801)
|
(1945-1953)
| |
(1869-1877)
| ||
(1801-1809)
|
(1953-1961)
| |
(1877-1881)
| ||
(1809-1817)
|
(1961-1963)
| |
(1881 - 1881)
| ||
(1817-1825)
|
(1963-1969)
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(1881-1885)
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(1825-1829)
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(1969-1974)
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(1885-1889)
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(1829-1837)
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(1973-1974)
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(1889-1893)
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(1837-1841)
|
(1977-1981)
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(1893-1897)
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(1841-1841)
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(1981-1989)
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(1897-1901)
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(1841-1845)
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(1989-1993)
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(1901-1909)
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(1845-1849)
|
(1993-2001)
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(1909-1913)
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(1849-1850)
|
(2001-2009)
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(1913-1921)
| ||
(1850-1853)
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(2009-2017)
| |
(1921-1923)
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(1853-1857)
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(20017-Present)
| |
(1923-1929)
|
*Confederate States of America
| |
(1857-1861)
| ||
(1929-1933)
| ||
(1861-1865)
|
United Colonies Continental Congress
|
President
|
18th Century Term
|
Age
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745-1783)
|
09/05/74 – 10/22/74
|
29
| |
Mary Williams Middleton (1741- 1761) Deceased
|
Henry Middleton
|
10/22–26/74
|
n/a
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745–1783)
|
05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75
|
30
| |
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
05/25/75 – 07/01/76
|
28
| |
United States Continental Congress
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
07/02/76 – 10/29/77
|
29
| |
Eleanor Ball Laurens (1731- 1770) Deceased
|
Henry Laurens
|
11/01/77 – 12/09/78
|
n/a
|
Sarah Livingston Jay (1756-1802)
|
12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78
|
21
| |
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
09/29/79 – 02/28/81
|
41
| |
United States in Congress Assembled
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
03/01/81 – 07/06/81
|
42
| |
Sarah Armitage McKean (1756-1820)
|
07/10/81 – 11/04/81
|
25
| |
Jane Contee Hanson (1726-1812)
|
11/05/81 - 11/03/82
|
55
| |
Hannah Stockton Boudinot (1736-1808)
|
11/03/82 - 11/02/83
|
46
| |
Sarah Morris Mifflin (1747-1790)
|
11/03/83 - 11/02/84
|
36
| |
Anne Gaskins Pinkard Lee (1738-1796)
|
11/20/84 - 11/19/85
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46
| |
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
11/23/85 – 06/06/86
|
38
| |
Rebecca Call Gorham (1744-1812)
|
06/06/86 - 02/01/87
|
42
| |
Phoebe Bayard St. Clair (1743-1818)
|
02/02/87 - 01/21/88
|
43
| |
Christina Stuart Griffin (1751-1807)
|
01/22/88 - 01/29/89
|
36
|
Constitution of 1787
First Ladies |
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
|
57
| ||
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
|
52
| ||
Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased
|
September 6, 1782 (Aged 33)
|
n/a
| |
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
|
40
| ||
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
|
48
| ||
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
|
50
| ||
December 22, 1828 (aged 61)
|
n/a
| ||
February 5, 1819 (aged 35)
|
n/a
| ||
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
|
65
| ||
April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842
|
50
| ||
June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845
|
23
| ||
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
|
41
| ||
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850
|
60
| ||
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
|
52
| ||
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
|
46
| ||
n/a
|
n/a
| ||
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
|
42
| ||
February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865
| |||
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
|
54
| ||
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
|
43
| ||
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
|
45
| ||
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
|
48
| ||
January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
|
n/a
| ||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
21
| ||
March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892
|
56
| ||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
28
| ||
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
|
49
| ||
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
|
40
| ||
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
|
47
| ||
March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914
|
52
| ||
December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921
|
43
| ||
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
|
60
| ||
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
|
44
| ||
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
|
54
| ||
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
|
48
| ||
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
|
60
| ||
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
|
56
| ||
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
|
31
| ||
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
|
50
| ||
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
|
56
| ||
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
|
56
| ||
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
|
49
| ||
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
|
59
| ||
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
|
63
| ||
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
|
45
| ||
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
|
54
| ||
January 20, 2009 to date
|
45
|
Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America
Philadelphia
|
Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
| |
Philadelphia
|
May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
| |
Baltimore
|
Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
| |
Philadelphia
|
March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
| |
Lancaster
|
September 27, 1777
| |
York
|
Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
| |
Philadelphia
|
July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
| |
Princeton
|
June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
| |
Annapolis
|
Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
| |
Trenton
|
Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
| |
New York City
|
Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
| |
New York City
|
October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
| |
New York City
|
March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
| |
Philadelphia
|
Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800
| |
Washington DC
|
November 17,1800 to Present
|
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The United Colonies of North America Continental Congress Presidents (1774-1776)
The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)
The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)
The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)
The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)
The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)
The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)
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